Risks potentially arising from artificial intelligence have become the starting point of discussions on AI safety. However, academic views diverge on the future evolutionary form of AI—particularly the challenges posed by superintelligence. Three representative conceptual frameworks have emerged: the “existential problem” in philosophy, “existential risk” in the social sciences, and “catastrophic risk” in the natural sciences. In response to catastrophic risk, the literature has propose

What compels states to show explicit alignment strategies during great power competition?Building on the balance of threat theory and hedging literature, we argue the primary trigger is not the rise of a great power or rivalry itself, but Negative Alignment Statecraft (NAS): the use of economic or security coercion by a great power to limit a third state’s engagement with its rival.We contend that NAS creates an Alignment

China has made remarkable progress in the development of inclusive finance over the past decade. The government has further proposed the goal of building a “high-quality inclusive finance system.” At present, the development of inclusive finance in China remains primarily policy-driven and faces legal challenges, such as difficulties in achieving systemic empowerment of financial consumers and unclear delineation of responsibilities between the government and

Artificial intelligence has increasingly reached a consensus as an augmentation tool—for example, large-model applications enabling knowledge and reasoning enhancement, and wearables and exoskeletons enabling physical enhancement. In this sense, intelligent augmentation is a normative category that reflects, through AI tools, on how intelligent technologies augment humans and how such augmentation relates to the construction of new-type relations of production. If A

With the rapid development and global deployment of artificial intelligence (AI), regional organizations have exhibited distinctly different cooperation models when addressing this common challenge. This study analyzes how the dual characteristics of AI technology generate diffusion–strategic tensions, complexity–timeliness tensions, and competitiveness–inclusiveness tensions in regional cooperation.We find that regional organizations face a structural “tr

AI large-scale models, exemplified by GPT and DeepSeek, have had a profound impact on the global order. Extending the “system-lifeworld” theory to large language models not only reveals how two technological trajectories—closed-source hegemony and open-source cooperation—differently construct the global order, but also enables a paradigmatic shift of the theory from a critique of modernity to an interpretation of the global digital order.Closed-source large m

Algorithmic power has become a pivotal force in restructuring social relations and reconfiguring the parameters of individual security. Firms deploy algorithms to harvest, appropriate, and commodify personal data, converting these assets into profit while augmenting algorithmic agency. In the digital era, human security can be conceptualized as freedom from the fear of involuntary self-exposure, the fear of self-erosion, the scarcity of choice, and the scarc

Against the backdrop of rapid advances in artificial intelligence(AI) and its deep embedding in social structures, global AI governance is taking shape as a new landscape characterized by multi–actor participation and cross–level collaboration. Focusing on four key categories of governance actors—states, international organizations, technology companies, and the public—this paper traces the evolution of their roles and the mechanisms of their interaction in AI governance. By systematica