Abstract: The development of artificial intelligence is transforming from the era of generative AI to that of agentic AI. The hallmark of the agentic AI era is the emergence of AI agents. These agents possess the capability to autonomously plan, utilize tools, and interact with the external environment, shifting AIs focus fromwhat it can saytowhat it can do.The development of AI agents signifies not merely an expansion of technical capabilities but a profound transformation in the relationships

Abstract: AI agents are rapidly transforming how tasks are delegated and executed in digital environments. Unlike traditional generative AI systems that mainly produce content, AI agents autonomously decompose goals, call tools and act across applications, turning into task proxies and transaction gateways.

Abstract: This article investigates how the legal basis for artificial intelligence (AI) training is framed within data protection guidelines and regulatory interventions, drawing on a comparative analysis of approaches taken by authorities across multiple jurisdictions. Focusing on the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation and analogous data protection frameworks globally, the study systematically maps guidance, statements, and actions to identify areas of convergence and divergen

Abstract: The development of artificial intelligence is transforming from the era of generative AI to that of agentic AI. The hallmark of the agentic AI era is the emergence of AI agents. These agents possess the capability to autonomously plan, utilize tools, and interact with the external environment, shifting AIs focus fromwhat it can saytowhat it can do.The development of AI agents signifies not merely an expansion of technical capabilities but a profound transformation in the relationships

Amid the rapid diffusion of artificial intelligence and the growing politicization of emerging technologies, global AI governance is increasingly shaped by strategic competition among major powers. This paper analyzes the emerging triadic contest among the United States, China, and the European Union over AI governance and argues that it is reshaping global order through a fusion of technological rivalry, institutional competition, and normative contestation. It compares three governance paradigms

Abstract:U.S. policy toward China under the Trump administration displayed pronounced features of irrationality and abrupt shifts. Drawing on the perspective of international political psychology，this article constructs a cognition-emotion-decision chain model to explain how leaders psychological mechanisms shape policy formation. Trumps policy preferences toward China stemmed from his distinctive cognitive structure. As domestic and international pressures accumulated，existing cognitive biases

With the breakthrough of generative artificial intelligence technology, the application landscape of AI is undergoing profound changes, gradually shifting from instrumental technologies primarily serving scientific research and enterprise scenarios to consumer-oriented product ecosystems for individual users. The three major competitors—the United States, China, and Europe—have each developed distinctive competitive pathways around technological capabilities, application expansion, and regulator

Since the beginning of Trump's second term, U.S. AI strategy has exhibited a more pronounced power-oriented shift, while maintaining the framework of technological development and regulatory mechanisms established in previous administrations. This paper reviews the AI strategies of three administrations—the Obama administration, Trump's first term, and the Biden administration—and argues that the dominant logic of U.S. AI strategy under Trump's second term has shifted from technological logic to