XIAO Qian, Deputy Director, Center for International Security and Strategy, Tsinghua University. AI risks are global and systemic in nature, particularly manifest in three domains: cybersecurity, biosecurity, and the misuse of AI by non-state actors. Yet current global AI governance has fallen into a geopolitical competition mindset, with collaborative dialogue being supplanted by struggles for dominance. Framing AI as a race is strategically counterproductive.

Karson Elmgren, Senior Researcher, Institute for AI Policy and Strategy (IAPS). Current frontier AI systems are massive in scale and increasingly autonomous, making traditional human monitoring inadequate to address the governance challenges posed by massive token generation and agentic autonomous actions. In response, a strategy of “using AI to govern AI” may be explored.

Maximilian Mayer, Professor of International Relations and Global Politics of Technology with University of Bonn. From the perspective of constitutionalism, AI governance is not merely a technical issue but a compound challenge spanning law, society, and technology.

Jörg Friedrichs, Associate Professor of Politics, University of Oxford. AI governance should be examined through the lens of infrastructure. From the steam engine to electricity and the internet, every disruptive technological revolution in history has undergone an evolution from invention through adoption and diffusion to infrastructure development and institutionalized regulation.

Anika Altaf, Executive Director of INCLUDE. The design authority over AI and digital public infrastructure is highly concentrated among a small number of countries and corporations, yet these systems are widely deployed across the Global South. When a country uses externally developed AI systems, relies on external data for training, and cannot audit system decisions, this effectively constitutes a cession of sovereignty.

Celina Lee, CEO of Zindi. Zindi is currently the largest data science and AI developer platform in Africa and the Global South. Through an AI competition model, Zindi aggregates global developers to provide solutions for real-world problems; participants gain public professional profiles that lead to employment opportunities.

Fahmi Islami, Lead Consultant in Mandala Consulting. Indonesia is one of the world’s largest internet user markets. However, Indonesia still lags significantly behind major powers in infrastructure development such as data centers and in AI talent cultivation, remaining in a transitional stage from a pure user nation to an industrial participant.

ZHAO Minghao, Professor and Deputy Director, Center for American Studies, Fudan University. Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a central arena of strategic competition between China and the United States, with spillover effects extending to critical minerals, energy infrastructure, and the global industrial ecosystem.